Are High Ester Rums for Drinking? Richard Seale Weighs In

Recently I’ve had the opportunity to try out a good selection of extremely high ester rums. From unaged Hampden Estate DOK at 85 percent ABV, to Long Pond TECC, Savanna HERR, and several others, I’ve tasted enough samples to seriously contemplate the extremely high ester rum world.

As much as anybody else, I once craved the high ester experience, plotting the day I’d have my own sample of Hampden’s DOK at home, available at a moment’s notice. Today, I’m thrilled to have two very different DOK expressions in my rum library. Yes, I’m unabashedly a high hogo Jamaican rum dunderhead.

But here’s the thing… What you’re anticipating with these extreme funk boms is very likely not how they register once they hit your tongue. When you read about Jamaican “Continental” rums at 1600 g/hL AA being intended for blending in small amounts, you can take that to the bank. They absolutely aren’t intended for run-of-the mill consumption, neither then, nor now.

I get it. We crave funk, the more the better. But here’s the thing – Esters aren’t additive across wide ranges. How our sensory systems perceive esters and volatile compounds isn’t linear. In fact, a given ester can smell like one thing at one intensity, and something entirely different at another level. The amazing fruity notes give way to something much more harsh, and possibly unpleasant. In my look at the Savanna HERR, I had this to say:

…an almost chemical solvent character that’s impossible to describe: Neither fish, nor fowl, nor anything else familiar. In time, a bit of mint strolls by in the background. A good while longer, as your taste buds and nasal passages finally stagger back to life, along comes a blast of … wait for it… Brach’s strawberry flavored hard candy.

Consuming super high ester rums is certainly an interesting experience. By all means, try it if you have the opportunity. But be aware that it might not be the transcendent sipper you’re imaging it to be.

I’ve been mulling how to write about this for a while. Meanwhile, Foursquare’s Richard Seale recently posted an extremely informative Facebook post on this topic, and he’s graciously allowed me to share it here.


A WORD about HIGH ESTER (Flavoured) Rums – the Cousins Process
(By Richard Seale)

During my impromptu meeting with Carsten E. Vlierboom of E&A Scheer recently in Miami, I expressed dismay at the recent independent bottling of the 1,600 ester DOK marque. Matt Pietrek who has been researching Jamaica rum extensively of recent has also in his quiet manner explained that these marques are not for drinking.

In the 19th century, Jamaica Rum was exported in great quantities to the UK and the European continent, Germany in particular. In 1889 Germany dramatically increased the import duty on Jamaican Rum and severely reduced this trade. The clever Jamaicans responded by created a class of “Flavoured Rum” (meaning for flavouring) which could create a blended rum to compete against the local spirits (subject only to nominal excise taxes).

McFarlane (1947) classified Jamaica Rum into four categories – common clean, Plummer, Wedderburn and flavoured. The first three were up to 300 esters (g/hl AA). The flavoured category was 700 to 1,600. Now by esters, we mean ethyl acetate, the simplest of all esters. The others are not included in the count.

At the 1908 Royal Commission on Whiskey and Potable Spirits, J C Nolan, special commissioner of the Jamaican Government to the UK, made it quite clear the purpose of the flavoured rums.

“It is a flavouring essence. It is not a self rum”

“No, you could not drink it as a self rum”

In theory you can make these high ester rums in the normal way by extending the fermentation long enough. The longer the fermentation the more acids by bacteria are produced. The acids react with the alcohol to produce the esters. More acids, more esters. However, this starts to get very impractical and this will leave a very poor yield of alcohol in the ‘wash’ to distill.

To solve this problem, the brilliant Jamaican chemist HH Cousins developed a process to boost the ester count in rums in a more economical way.

The ‘lees’ in the retort at the end of distillation retains a considerable amount of the acids from the fermentation. Volatile enough to make it to (and concentrate in) the retort, not volatile enough to make it to the rum. The acids are recovered by adding lime (calcium oxide) to the lees to produce the calcium salts of the acids. This concentrated acid mixture after precipitation of calcium sulphate (by adding sulphuric acid) is added to high strength rum (i.e. lots of alcohol) and placed in the high wines retort where the esterification process (alcohol + acid) takes place. The resulting distillate is now supercharged with esters – up to 7,000 – and this distillate is used to ‘top up’ the rums produced in the normal way to reach the levels such as DOK at 1,600.

Gentlemen bottlers please, the Jamaicans are laughing at you, Mr. Nolan and the Hon. HH Cousins are spinning in their grave. DOK and similar marques are flavouring essences, not for drinking. They are produced by a process adjunct to distillation.

Pungency is not quality.

I know it has become fashionable in certain circles to marvel at flavour, any flavour. The burnt tyres and excess fusel oil of the likes of Caroni for example (bad fermentation and bad distillation produces this).

It would well be advised to listen to the advice of HH Cousins:

“An increase in the ethyl acetate content of a rum…, if not supported by an increase in the other esters in suitable proportion will not add to its intrinsic value.”

“…there are certain “marks of rum (and among then some of stout body and attractive quality) which are as low as 100 esters”

The measure of ethyl acetate was as important to the regulation and control of Jamaican Rum as was a measure of alcoholic strength. It was not a mark of quality.

And it is well worth noting that esters are formed during ageing. And these esters are the more complex esters with very attractive aromas. For most aged spirits, these are the most important contributors to the flavour.

Jamaican Rums are certainly very remarkable for their ester content. A tradition we can still enjoy today. It is wise though to understand the differences.

14 thoughts on “Are High Ester Rums for Drinking? Richard Seale Weighs In

  1. Finally someone talks about from what the Caroni s stink come from… and not in a good way.
    Considering that the Caroni is come from bad fernentation and bad distillation (too much fusels oils maybe) and high esters jamaican rum are limited by jam. ministry, are the definitely… harmful?

  2. A great post which complements some of my birectifier deconstructions:

    https://www.bostonapothecary.com/striking-rum-oil-comparing-three-rums-with-the-birectifier/

    Birectifier fractions are essentially cross sections of rum separated by volatility magnified 10x then diluted by different factors for the most basic organoleptic tasting. This makes the first fraction used in my above blog post just over 3x. Ethyl acetate at these levels in a normal rum tastes “non-culinary” and solventy. When the spirit is tasted back at the normal 1x, the contribution of these congeners is totally different. Sensory scientists often use the language of absolute thresholds and recognition thresholds.

    Here, we are just talking gross and not gross, but this can become wildly nuanced and a good introduction may be here:

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ffj.3429

    My theory is that H.H. Cousins high ester cheater process killed off the diverse and archaic Grand Arôme rums. If we brought them back, we should probably revive them as “suave” style rums (to borrow an Arroyo word) instead of as concentrates.

    https://www.bostonapothecary.com/the-grand-arome-rum-tease/

    Cheers! -Stephen

  3. Richard Seale strikes me as an extraordinarily negative man. I have never met him (and look forward to the opportunity to have him change my mind), but he seems to expend a significant amount of time running down his competitors and anyone who does things differently than he does.

    Seale is obviously one of the world’s leading rum creators, but why is there no room in his world for anyone else?

    1. I have the same impression, although I generally agree with his analysis that flavor itself is a silly thing to be obsessed with. I love Islay scotches and American IPAs, but to hear people obsess about ppm of phenols or IBUs is too much for me because anything can be made out of balance by over-emphasizing one aspect of flavor, and “flavor” is so often used to cover up faults, particularly in beer. Still, it rubs me the wrong way when businesspeople of any sort stress their competition’s faults rather than their own advantages.

    2. Same. Seale especially enjoys obsessing over Alexandre Gabriel and Plantation. Constantly throws jabs at them in Facebook groups. Comes off as petty. His time would be better spent trying to make his next Foursquare ECS vintage not taste exactly like all the previous ones.

  4. Amazing reading again about Jamaican rum. My interest ins really the deep digging about esters and I like to read more and more about it. Any new book about more chemical definition and specification about Esters in Jamaican rum?

  5. This is a silly article. There has only been one high ester rum that I have not loved… especially in a daiquiri. Grand Arome. It is indeed off-putting and maybe should only be used as a flavouring or in some industrial application.
    I have loved all the others. My New Yarmouth NYE/HM is a thing of beauty. I only crave more and more high ester rums! I’ll know if they’re crap. Thank you.

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